The failure of mediation and peacemaking efforts in the Sudan crisis

This paper examines internal and external mediation efforts aimed at addressing the devastating war in Sudan. The nature and scale of the war in Sudan make mediation extremely difficult but also increasingly urgent. The paper engages with existing mediation frameworks and tackles the complexities of peacemaking dilemmas in Sudan. It adopts a qualitative approach, relies on an actor-focused analysis, desk review of mediation literature and initiatives, stakeholder interviews with academics, civil society activists, politicians, and experts. The war in Sudan is proving difficult for mediators and peacemakers due to the entanglements of socio-political, geographical, economic, regional, and international factors. This is not simply a war between two enemies, but a political and social conflict, with regional and international dimensions. Several internal and external mediations emerged to address the war. Internal initiatives failed due to lack of clear vision, deep social divisions, weak mediation capacity, complexity of the crisis, short term interests, and lack of genuine commitment to inclusive peace. External actors simplify the crisis by not fully acknowledging  the diversity of political forces at play. This overlooked the multifacted nature of the situation. As a result, the complexity of the conflict is ignored, leading to stalemate in mediation initiatives.